This article is about Congress.gov (http://beta.congress.gov/), which is the government’s most recent searchable database of federal legislative/congressional materials (other than the U.S. Code). Congress.gov includes public laws, bills, resolutions, hearings, congressional reports, and committee reports:

Legislative/congressional materials are valuable to researchers for the following reasons:

• To track a current bill as it is proceeding through the legislative process • To discern the legislative intent of a bill
• To conduct research about the history of a bill that was never passed (and, thus, would not be contained in a Public Law database or the U.S.C.)
• To read a public law in its entirety (instead of trying to piece it together once it has been scattered throughout various sections of the U.S.C.)

By the end of 2014, Congress.gov will completely replace Thomas.gov, the site that had provided the federal government’s legislative information since 1995. While most of the URLs for THOMAS.gov and THOMAS.loc.gov automatically redirect to http://beta.congress.gov/ some do not because not all information has been transferred to Congress.gov. For instance, as of January 2014, nominations, treaties, House and Senate Executive communications, Legislation from the 101st and 102nd Congresses (1989-92), and the Congressional Record from the 101st -103rd Congresses (1989-1994) still hadn’t been transferred from Thomas to Congress.gov. Users can compare the information available on the two sites by visiting the Coverage Dates for Legislative Information page at http://beta.congress.gov/help/coverage-dates. Until all the information at Thomas gets transferred to Congress.gov, use http://thomas.loc.gov/home/thomas.php. During the transition period, the URL for is http://beta.congress.gov/ but it will eventually be switched to Congress.gov (and will automatically redirect to it). Congress.gov contains the sections listed below (most will be discussed in greater detail in this article):

1. Legislation (http://beta.congress.gov/legislation) is available from the 103rd Congress (1994) to the present.
2. The Congressional Record (http://beta.congress.gov/congressional-record) is available from the 104th Congress (1995) to the present.
3. Members (http://beta.congress.gov/members) Congress member profiles are provided for all members since 1973 and selected members from 1947-1972.
4. Committees (http://beta.congress.gov/committees) Information is available for all House and Senate committees for the current Congress, with links to specific Committee pages.
5. The Legislative Process (http://beta.congress.gov/legislative-process) provides basic information on the legislative process and is a good resource for the general public.
6. Committee Reports (http://beta.congress.gov/congressional-reports) are available from 1995 to the present.

Links to the first five sections outlined above are available from tabs across the top of any page on the Congress.gov site. You can keyword search all but the 4th and 5th sections outlined above directly from the Congress.gov home page.

Searching Congress.gov for Legislative Information

All the legislative materials in Congress.gov use the same search method, which we will now describe. From the home page, choose which source to search from a drop-down menu to the left of the search box. Sources include Current Legislation, All Legislation, All Sources, Members of Congress, the Congressional Record, and Committee Reports. After you have selected a source, enter your search terms into the box and click Go.

In addition to searching with keywords and phrases (enclosed in quotation marks), you can also link them together with the Boolean connectors AND and OR. Researchers can run more sophisticated searches, such as field and prefix searches, as described below. Prefix searching can used to search by bill, resolution and amendment numbers, each of which includes an alphabetical prefix and a number, such as hr for House Bills or sjres for Senate Joint Resolutions. To search for one of these documents by number, enter the prefix and number with no spaces. For example, to search for House Resolution 1060 your prefix search would look like this: hr1060. (To search for a Public Law, however, you would use the number only, without a prefix—112-139, for Public Law 112-139.)

Congress.gov also allows field searching (http://beta.congress.gov/help/refine-search/). To accomplish a field search, type the field qualifier, followed by a colon, followed by the search term, into the search box. Put phrases in quotation marks. For example, to find legislation with “homeland security” in the most recent title field, enter

latestTitle:“homeland security

Note that the “T” in latestTitle must be capitalized; otherwise you will be sent to an error page. The How to Refine a Search page on the website itself (http://beta.congress.gov/help/refine-search) provides a list of searchable fields and their abbreviations, the sources in which you can search them, and a search example for each field. If you try to use a field not found in the list, such as “Title”, you will get an error page. See the Search Tips page (http://beta.congress.gov/help/search-tips-overview/) for more details.

Once you have run a search (e.g., a Current Legislation search for “endangered species”), you can Refine by in two ways. The first refinement option is to use “facets,” which represent particular data fields, such as Legislation or Congresses shown in the Refine By sidebar on the left side of the results page. Use them to filter the search results to retrieve only items that contain that facet and specific value. The original search for “endangered species” can be refined so that the results include only the facet Legislation (selected from the sidebar’s Limit Your Search section) and only the Congress facet and specifically the value 113 (materials from the 113th Congress selected from the sidebar’s Congress section). A number appears beside each facet that indicates how many results match that facet value.

Although the help page says that you cannot select multiple values in your search results, our test searches indicate that it is possible. A list of the main facets on Congress.gov is available on the How to Refine a Search page at http://beta.congress.gov/help/refine-search/.

The second search refinement available on Congress.gov is Search within Results. From any search page, you can check the Search within Results box next to the search box, clear your original search terms, and type in additional search terms. All search terms, including the new ones, will appear at the top of the new list of search results.

To remove a term or refinement, click the gray or blue shaded link for it that appears underneath the search box. If you added a refinement by clicking it in the left sidebar, clicking it again will remove it.

Navigating Search Results on Congress.gov

The search results list gives brief information about each item. You can sort the list by Relevancy, Date of Introduction, Latest Action, Number, and Title (alphabetically). Use the drop-down menu just above the search results, and click Go once you have made your sorting selection. You can use another drop-down menu near the right side of the page to display 25, 50, 100, 250 or 500 results per page.

The item type (e.g., Bill, Resolution, and Congressional Record Article) appears in a pink box with red letters just above the blue link for the specific item (e.g., H.Res.220). Different information appears below the item link, depending on the type of document it is. The names of bills and resolutions are in boldface type. Below that is a link to the sponsor of the legislation (Rep. Hastings), along with a link for information on any co-sponsors. Underneath that is the Latest Action taken (Introduced). Finally, a graphic Tracker indicates where the item is in the legislative process (6/14/12 Referred to…).

Resolutions have similar features to bills, including the Tracker timeline. Congressional Record Articles have a link (for HTML and PDF) to the page in the Congressional Record where the article appears.

Viewing Legislation Pages on Congress.gov

Click an item link to view the full content for each item. Pages for other legislation types have features similar to the ones described here.

The top part of the item information page repeats the brief information that appeared in the item results list. The bottom of the page is arranged into tabs to help researchers quickly find key information about the document. The tabs for a law include a Summary of the law, the full Text, Actions taken, Titles, Amendments, Cosponsors, Committees, and Related Bills. Each tab shows the number of items available for that category, such as Text(3) would refer to three various versions of a bill. You will most likely be interested in the Enrolled Bill because it is the “Final official copy of a measure as passed in identical form by both chambers and then printed on parchment for presentation to the President.” This definition (and many others) can be found in Congress.gov’s Glossary.

Another useful feature on the page includes subject information, as assigned by legislative analysts. The researcher can click the View all subjects link to see all subjects assigned to the legislation. From there, you can click a link for the primary subject to retrieve other legislation in the same subject category.

Certain legislative terms used on Congress.gov include links to definitions in a Glossary. However, when there is no link for a word that you need defined, visit Congress.gov's Glossary (http://beta.congress.gov/help/legislative-glossary).

The Congressional Record on Congress.gov

Congress.gov has several additional features that are worth mentioning here. For example, in addition to keyword searching the Congressional Record from the home page as described earlier, you can also keyword search it at its own landing page, found at http://beta.congress.gov/congressional-record. The default display for the Congressional Record page is the most recent issue available, but you can retrieve any other issue back to 1995 by date (a drop-down menu next to the Date search box allows you to select a date from the calendar without typing it) or by a combination of year and page number. Information about the Congressional Record App (for the iPhone and the iPad) is available on this page. When you retrieve older issues of the Congressional Record on this page, they appear in the same format as the most current issue, along with the same links and tabs. You can also view the complete issue in PDF by clicking the Entire Issue link under the date (in red).

Committee Information on Congress.gov

The Committees of the U.S. Congress page (http://beta.congress.gov/committees) provides information about Committees in general, as well as links to individual pages for all current congressional committees. The individual committee pages include an Overview section that lists legislation the committee has considered recently, as well as links to meeting schedules, live video for House committees, and the official committee website. Below the Overview is a results list of legislation and reports associated with the committee. The researcher can sort and refine these items similarly to a regular search on Congress.gov.

Committee Reports on Congress.gov

Committee reports are keyword searchable from the home page of Congress.gov and from their separate landing page at http://beta.congress.gov/congressional-reports. Alternatively, you can retrieve a report by a combined Report Type (House or Senate) and Number (citation) search using the Find a Report lookup tool.

This article was adapted from the book, “Internet Legal Research on a Budget” by Carole Levitt and Judy Davis (ABA LPD 2014). Reprinted with permission of the American Bar Association. All rights reserved.

The post Congress.gov: How to Search for Federal Bills, Laws, the Congressional Record, and Committee Reports appeared first on Continuing Legal Education (MCLE) in California, MCLE Los Angeles, CLE Orange County, Irvine & San Francisco.

Legislative/congressional materials are valuable to researchers for the following reasons:

• To track a current bill as it is going through the legislative process
• To discern the legislative intent of a bill
• To conduct historical research about a bill that was never passed (and, thus, would not be contained in a Public Law database or the U.S.C.)
• To read a public law in its entirety (instead of trying to piece it together once it has been scattered throughout various sections of the U.S.C.)

Searching the Library of Congress’s Thomas site for Bills, etc.

The Library of Congress’s Thomas site (http://thomas.loc.gov) offers various databases, such as:

From the home page, bills can be searched through the Bill Summary and Status (BSS) database, but only for the current Congress (http://thomas.loc.gov). Although you can keyword and phrase search the BSS, it does not search the full text of the bill. BSS only searches: sponsor(s); cosponsor(s); official, short, and popular titles; floor/executive actions; detailed legislative history; Congressional Record page references; bill summary; committee information; amendment information; and subjects (indexing terms assigned to each bill). Current bills can also be searched by Bill Number or browsed by sponsor at the BSS database on Thomas’ home page.

The BSS database also has an Advanced Search option (http://thomas.loc.gov/bss) where you can search by Keywords and Phrases (but still not the full text). They can be limited to Exact Match Only or expanded to Include Variants. You can also search by one or more of the following: Sponsor by House or Senate Members, Committee, Stage in Legislative Process, Date of Introduction, Type of Legislation, and Standard Subject Term. On the Advanced Search page, you can search back to 1973 (93rd Congress), except for amendment data, which only goes back to the 95th Congress (1977). You cannot search multiple Congress years here. You will have to select one Congress year.

The Bills, Resolutions “Bill Text” database, in contrast to the BSS, does search the full text of the bill and allows you to search through one or multiple Congresses, but only back to 1989 (http://linkon.in/IiVk24). Your keywords and phrases can be limited to Exact Match Only or expanded to Include Variants. You can also limit your search of Bills to: All; Bills with Floor Action; or Enrolled Bills Sent to the President. You can also limit your search of Bills to: Both House and Senate, House Bills Only, or Senate Bills Only.

It is not necessary to use quotation marks to indicate a phrase. For example, a user can enter think tank, not "think tank," to retrieve information about think tanks.

Bills and Resolutions can be browsed by Bill Number, Popular and Short Titles, Public Laws, Private Laws, Vetoed Bills, and Sponsor Summaries (http://linkon.in/IzhwiV). You can also browse the House or Senate bills separately by Bills, Joint Resolutions, Concurrent Resolutions, Resolutions, or Amendments.

The Congressional Record database (http://linkon.in/Hyzgds) goes back to 1989 and is searchable by Keywords, Phrases, Date Received or Session, Member of Congress, and Section of Congressional Record.

The Committee Reports database (http://linkon.in/HyAOnL) goes back to 1995 and is searchable by Keywords and Phrases, Report Number, Committees, or Date Available Online. The Reports can also be browsed by selecting House, Senate, Conference, or Joint.

The Public Laws database (http://linkon.in/HoTZam) cannot be keyword searched. Instead, the only option is to browse the Public Laws in numeric order. However, the database goes back to 1973, which is much farther back in time than the FDsys’s Public and Private Laws database.

Searching the FDsys site for Bills, etc.

For those who need to retrieve a document by its citation, visit the Retrieve By Citation page (http://linkon.in/Ij0nj3) and choose a Collection from the Collection drop-down menu. For those who prefer to browse, visit the Browse Collections page (http:// linkon.in/HyFAsc) and browse through various legislative/congressional materials by: (1) Collection (e.g., Congressional Bills or Congressional Reports, etc.); (2) Congressional Committee (e.g., Energy & Natural Resources); or (3) Government Author (e.g., Impeachment Trial Committee).

FDsys researchers can also keyword or phrase search (using simple or complex queries) through all of FDsys’s Collections together from the search box on FDsys’s home page (http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/search/home.action).

If you want to search fewer than all Collections (e.g., one or two, etc.), you would use the FDsys Advanced Search page (http://linkon.in/y2uMZC). To search, select a specific Collection from the “Available Collections” drop-down menu and click “Add.” You can continue to add more collections (or search all). After choosing the Collection(s) (and date if you wish), you can enter your keywords/phrases into the search box to the right of the “Full Text of Publications and Metadata.” If you want to search by other criteria, click the downward arrow to the right of “Full-Text Publications and Metadata” and you will be offered Collection-specific Search Criteria. If you select the Congressional Bills Collection, you can search by Bill Number, Bill Version, etc. but if you select the Congressional Reports Collection the criteria you can search by would be by Report Number, Conference Report, etc.

Using the Advanced Search also allows us to: (1) add specific dates (into the Publications Date box located at the top of the page) and (2) add five more search criteria options to any search.

According to the documentation at FDsys, its simple queries are similar to a “typical search engine such as Google” because FDsys uses the same Boolean connectors (AND, OR, -) as Google and phrase searching (where you surround a phrase with quotation marks). There are some differences, though: (1) Boolean connectors are case insensitive at FDsys while they must be in uppercase at Google, (2) FDsys researchers can also use NOT instead of the minus sign ( - ), since they are interchangeable at FDsys (but not at Google), and (3) FDsys researchers can use the Boolean connector AND or leave a space in between words (but Google scolds you if you type AND in between words).

• In addition, FDsys allows for the following types of complex queries (some of which are not found at Google): Proximity connectors (near/#, adj, before/#)
• Field operators, which allow you to restrict your keywords to specific metadata fields (parts of a document), such as: 
  • Congress Member: To search by this Field, enter your search this way— member:mcconnell 
• Wildcards, which are indicated by:
  • the question mark symbol (?) to replace one character before, within, or after a search term; 
  • the asterisk symbol ( * ) to replace one or more characters before, within, or after a search term. 
  • Typing int**city into the search box indicates a search for any word that begins with int, is followed by any two characters, and then ends with city. The search results might include the words intercity or intracity, or both words. 
• Parentheses, which should be used when creating complex searches such as those where you use multiple proximity connectors and/or multiple Field operators. The following is an example: 
  • (congressional OR executive) AND hearing AND (member:mcconnell) •

You can narrow your search results by Collection, Date Published, Government Author, Organization, Person, Location, or Keyword. For example, if you wanted to view a Congressional Report on a specific topic from 2004 and also 2011, you would select those dates from the left-hand “Narrow Your Search” column once you retrieved your results.

The Public and Private Laws Collection goes back to 1995 (for earlier years, see Thomas’s Public Laws and Private Laws). This Collection can also be used to update the text of a U.S.C. section (if it was later amended) or to learn if it has been repealed. For example, after reading the text of 22 U.S.C. 6208 at the House OLRC site, visit FDsys’s Advanced Search page (http://linkon.in/y2uMZC) and select the Public and Private Laws Collection, then select United States Code Citation criterion from the Search in drop-down menu and enter the U.S.C. citation (be sure to place periods in between each letter because “USC” will not work). Our search for 22 U.S.C. 6208, which was enacted in 1994, revealed six results, with the first result (Public Law 111–202) showing a 2010 amendment.

The Congressional Bills Collection can be keyword searched back to 1993 by choosing Congressional Bills at FDsys’s Advanced Search page (http://linkon.in/y2uMZC). There are eighteen different criteria to choose from and one or multiple Congresses can be searched. To limit Bills to a specific Congress or multiple Congresses, choose the Congress Number criterion. To search Bills by sponsor, you would select the Sponsors and Co-sponsors criterion. However, you would need to type in the sponsor’s name. We prefer the Library of Congress’s Thomas site for this type of search because there we are offered a list of names from which to choose.

The History of Bills Collection offers fourteen different criteria by which to search. While this Collection is not available at the Retrieve by Citation page, a Bill Number Citation search criterion is one of the fourteen criteria that can be searched by choosing History of Bills from the Advanced Search page (http://linkon.in/y2uMZC). If you don’t know which Congress a specific bill number was introduced in, you can search all Congresses (back to 1983) by selecting the Bill Number Citation and entering the bill number (e.g., enter s. 9 to search for the history of every Senate Bill number 9 in every Congress back to 1983).

The Congressional Reports Collection (also referred to as Committee Reports) offers twenty-one different criteria by which to search by choosing Congressional Reports from the Advanced Search page’s Available Collections.

The Conference Reports are not listed as a separate Collection, but can be searched by choosing the Conference Reports search criterion within the Congressional Reports Collection at FDsys’s Advanced Search page (http://linkon.in/y2uMZC). Dates of coverage go back to 1995.

The Congressional Records Collection can be searched by thirty different criteria back to 1994 by choosing it from the Advanced Search page’s Available Collections.

The Statutes At Large Collection can be searched by twenty different criteria (back to 2003), by choosing Statutes At Large from the Advanced Search page’s Available Collections. To search from 1951-2002, select the Additional Government Publications Collection from the Available Collections, then Publication Name (from the Search in drop-down menu. From the Select Value pop-up box, select United States Statutes At Large (Digitized).

The post How to Search Congressional Legislative Materials at Thomas and FDSys appeared first on Continuing Legal Education (MCLE) in California, MCLE Los Angeles, CLE Orange County, Irvine & San Francisco.